How Does a Self-Inflating Sleeping Pad Work?

How Do Self-Inflating Sleeping Pads Work?
Self-inflation is accomplished as a result of the properties of open cell foam and our ability to seal the foam in fabric with a regulated pathway for air to enter. Realizing this three-part system—open-cell foam + fabric seal + valve—was the birth of Therm-a-Rest and the self-inflating sleeping pad.
 

What is Open-Cell Foam?

Open-cell foam is a broad term to describe foams with open cell walls. Foams come in many varieties with many properties, but we use flexible polyurethane foams for our self-inflating sleeping pads (as opposed to rigid polyurethane foams). These foams are made by reacting specific varieties of diisocyanates and polyols. (Reacting a polyol with a diiocyanate is the general way of making polyurethanes, which exist in a variety of forms other than foams, such as coatings, sealants, and adhesives.)

With the exception of microcellular class foams, polyurethane flexible foams are open-cell foams. During the foaming reaction, gas is released within the material creating empty spaces, or open cells. The aim is to formulate a cell structure that allows balance between air pressure inside and outside the cells. Flexible polyurethane foams can be made to be light, durable, supportive and comfortable, giving them remarkable versatility.
 

Why Does Open-Cell Foam Self-Inflate?

With open cell walls, air can pass in and out of each cell. When you compress the foam, the air is forced out. When the force of compression is lifted, each cell acts like a vacuum and atmospheric pressure pushes air into the empty spaces. Despite the name of the household appliance, a vacuum—in this sense—doesn’t “suck” air in, rather a vacuum is an empty space that is filled. Here are the MythBusters with a fun demonstration of a vacuum.

This vacuum process is what we refer to when we say self-inflating. The valve in your sleeping pad creates the lone pathway for air to enter or escape, giving you control over the vacuum process.

 

How Long Should it Take for My Pad to Self-Inflate?

Unfortunately, the answer to this question is a classic “it depends”. Generally, it takes 5-15 minutes for any of our self-inflating pads to inflate under their own volition. That 10-minute range variance is probably due to one of the following factors: core construction, trained compression, elevation and temperature.
 

Core Construction

Our foam cores are not all the same, and we use different construction types depending on the pad. For example, while we use StrataCore construction in pads like the ProLite™ Apex™ and TrailPro™, we use Diagonally Die-Cut Foam cores in the classic ProLite™ Sleeping Pad. The differences in cut design result in disparities in overall foam volume, which leads to slight disparities in time it takes to self-inflate.

Foam volume really is the key factor in self-inflation times. The 4-inch thick MondoKing™ features StrataCore construction like the ProLite Apex, except the ProLite Apex is 2 inches thick. Naturally, the Mondo takes longer to self-inflate.
 

Trained Compression

Self-inflation times also depend on the state of your pad’s foam core. A pad that has been rolled tight and stored that way for several months is going to take longer to self-inflate than a pad that has only been rolled for a day in between campsites. Open-cell foam has a memory (not to be confused with memory foam, which is a specific formulation of open-cell foam) and can be trained to remain more compressed if held that way for long periods of time.

This is why a brand new, out-of-the-box self-inflating sleeping pad can be rather anemic when initially unrolled, laid out, and the valve opened. Fresh off the manufacturing lines, the pads are compressed and rolled with machines that will achieve the tightest compression a pad will ever experience. The open cells in the foam simply aren’t used to expanding and allowing in air.

To overcome the lethargic self-inflation of long-compressed foam, it’s helpful to prime the pad with a few breaths of air; it’s like giving a push-start to get the momentum going. The open cells will become more pliable to the atmospheric pressure and self-inflate as designed.
 

Elevation

The elevation at which you are camping will affect how long it takes for the pad to self-inflate. At higher elevations the atmospheric pressure is lower, meaning there is less “force” pushing air into the empty cells of your pad’s foam core. We haven’t tested the disparity of inflation times at different elevations, but fundamental physics tells us that there is at least a slight time difference between high and low elevation self-inflation times.
 

Temperatures

Temperatures affect the inflation times due to how heat—and the absence of it—affects the properties of the polyurethane. Colder temperatures make the material less pliable, meaning the atmospheric pressure has to work harder to fill the empty spaces in the foam, causing a cold pad to take longer to self-inflate. During winter and/or in freezing conditions, avoid breath inflating your self-inflating pad. The moisture from your breath can freeze inside the mattress. Use a pump sack or electric pump if the pad needs additional air.

Why Would I Wait for Self-Inflation When I Could Do it Faster Myself?

Depending on your camp routine, the 5-15 minutes it takes to self-inflate doesn’t have to be waiting time. While your pad inflates you can filter some water, start boiling water for a meal, or perform any manner of camp tasks.

Ironically, (though not really because physics can’t really be ironic) at higher elevations your pad will self-inflate slower and your water will boil faster. If this is the case and you’re searching for things to do instead of watching your pad, make sure you’ve taken your sleeping bag or quilt out and let it sit. This allows the insulation to loft and maximize the number of heat-trapping air pockets available for overnight warmth.

 

Why Doesn’t My Self-Inflating Pad Inflate All the Way?

Self-inflation begins when the valve is opened and ends when equilibrium is reached between the atmospheric pressure outside the cells and the air pressure within the cells pushing the other way. In our experience, most users’ comfort level requires more air than the equilibrium level, which is why self-inflating pads don’t inflate “all the way.”

Self-inflating sleeping pads have never been intended to self-inflate all the way. Some individuals prefer a softer pad that contours to their body more, while others need the rigid support of a firmly inflated pad. Leaving room for manual input of air—whether that comes from your lungs, a pump sack or a battery-powered pump—allows a pad to be customizable.

Self-inflation is about getting you most of the way there, so it’s a breeze to top off a pad to your desired comfort level. This is one of the great advantages of self-inflating sleeping pads: they are vastly easier to inflate than air pads.